Pharmacology

a) Enlist routes of administration. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Oral Route. 8

b) Explain the term pharmacokinetics discuss the metabolism of drugs. 8

a) Explain the following terms:

i) Bioavailability of drugs

ii) Therapeutic index

iii) Protein Binding

iv) First pass effect

b) Differentiate the following (any two)

i) General and Local Anaesthetic

ii) Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerve transmission

iii) Opioid and Non-opioid Analgesics

a) Discuss the pharmacology and therapeutic uses of Adrenaline or Atropine. 8

b) Classify Non-opioid analgesics with examples. Discuss the pharmacology and adverse reactions of Aspirin. 8

a) Classify sedative and Hypnotic with examples. Give the pharmacological action and therapeutic uses of phenobarbitone. 8

b) Write notes on any two :

i) Stages of General anaesthesia

ii) Mechanism of action of local Anaesthetics

iii) Drugs acting on Eye

iv) Antitussive Agents

a) Classify Antihypertensive with examples. Give the pharmacology of propranolol. 8

b) Write notes on any two:

i) Mechanism of Action of Digitalis

ii) Antianginal drugs

iii) Fibrinolytic Agents

a) Classify Diuretics with examples. Give the pharmacology indications and contraindication of loop Diuretics. 8

b) Write short notes on (Any two)

i) Drugs used in Peptic Ulcer

ii) Laxative and Purgatives

iii) Oral Hypoglycemics

a) Isosorbide dinitrate is given sublingually.

b) Diuretics are given in combination with antihypertensives.

c) Vitamin C is given with Iron.

d) Probenecid is given with Penicillin.

e) Amoxicillion is given with Clavulanic Acid

a) Erythromycin

b) Gentamicin

c) Cotrimoxazole

d) Rifampicin

e) Chloroquine

f) Amphotericin B

g) Zidovudine

h) Methotrexate